Output: lex

Output: idempotency overview api design

Output: lex

Output: idempotent request key

Output: lex

Output: api retry safety idempotency

Output: vec

Output: what is idempotency in api design and why is it important for reliability

Output: vec

Output: how do you implement idempotent endpoints to handle duplicate requests safely

Output: hyde

Output: Idempotent operations produce the same result regardless of how many times called. GET, PUT, DELETE are naturally idempotent. POST needs idempotency keys: client sends unique key, server stores result, returns cached result on retry. Store keys with TTL (24h). Critical for payment APIs—prevents double charges on network retry.

Question: idempotency api design


Output: lex

Output: awk overview command examples

Output: lex

Output: awk print column field

Output: lex

Output: awk text processing

Output: vec

Output: how to use awk for text processing and extracting columns from files

Output: vec

Output: what are common awk patterns and commands for parsing structured text

Output: hyde

Output: awk processes text line by line, splitting into fields. Print second column: awk '{print $2}' file. Custom delimiter: awk -F',' '{print $1}'. Pattern match: awk '/error/ {print}'. Sum column: awk '{sum+=$3} END {print sum}'. Variables: awk -v threshold=100 '$3 > threshold'. Built-in vars: NF (fields), NR (line number).

Question: awk command examples


Output: lex

Output: database sharding horizontal

Output: lex

Output: shard key partition strategy

Output: lex

Output: database horizontal scaling

Output: vec

Output: what is database sharding and what strategies exist for partitioning data

Output: vec

Output: how do you choose a shard key and what are the tradeoffs of different sharding approaches

Output: hyde

Output: Sharding distributes data across multiple databases. Strategies: range-based (user IDs 1-1M on shard 1), hash-based (consistent hashing), directory-based (lookup table). Choose shard key with high cardinality, even distribution, query locality. Avoid hot spots—don't shard by timestamp. Cross-shard queries are expensive. Consider sharding only after vertical scaling exhausted.

Question: database sharding strategies


Output: lex

Output: jq overview json parsing command

Output: lex

Output: jq filter select query

Output: lex

Output: jq command line json

Output: vec

Output: how to use jq to parse and transform json data from the command line

Output: vec

Output: what are the common jq filters for extracting and manipulating json fields

Output: hyde

Output: jq is a command-line JSON processor. Extract field: jq '.name' file.json. Array element: jq '.[0]'. Nested: jq '.users[].email'. Filter: jq '.items[] | select(.price > 100)'. Transform: jq '{name: .title, count: .items | length}'. Raw output: jq -r. Pipe curl output: curl api | jq '.data'.

Question: jq json parsing


Output: lex

Output: compile time runtime error difference

Output: lex

Output: static dynamic type checking

Output: lex

Output: compilation errors vs exceptions

Output: vec

Output: what is the difference between compile time and runtime errors in programming

Output: vec

Output: why are compile time errors generally preferable to runtime errors for code reliability

Output: hyde

Output: Compile time errors occur during compilation before code runs—syntax errors, type mismatches in statically typed languages. Runtime errors occur during execution—null pointer, division by zero, file not found. Compile time errors are caught early, cheaper to fix. Static typing and linters catch more at compile time. TypeScript catches errors that JavaScript defers to runtime.

Question: compile time vs runtime errors


Output: lex

Output: cdn content delivery network

Output: lex

Output: cdn caching edge servers

Output: lex

Output: cloudflare cdn setup

Output: vec

Output: how does a content delivery network cdn improve website performance

Output: vec

Output: what content should you serve through a cdn and how do you configure cache headers

Output: hyde

Output: CDN caches content at edge servers geographically close to users, reducing latency. Serve static assets (images, CSS, JS) through CDN. Set Cache-Control headers: max-age=31536000 for versioned assets, shorter for dynamic content. Configure origin pulls, purge cache on deploys. Popular CDNs: Cloudflare, CloudFront, Fastly, Akamai.

Question: content delivery network cdn


Output: lex

Output: circuit overview breaker pattern

Output: lex

Output: circuit breaker resilience

Output: lex

Output: hystrix resilience4j circuit

Output: vec

Output: what is the circuit breaker pattern and how does it improve system resilience

Output: vec

Output: how do you implement circuit breakers to prevent cascade failures in distributed systems

Output: hyde

Output: Circuit breaker prevents repeated calls to failing services. States: Closed (normal), Open (failing, reject calls immediately), Half-Open (test recovery). After N failures, opens circuit. After timeout, allows test request. If succeeds, closes. Prevents cascade failures, provides fallbacks. Libraries: resilience4j (Java), polly (.NET), opossum (Node.js).

Question: circuit breaker pattern


Output: lex

Output: mac address ip address difference

Output: lex

Output: mac address layer 2 hardware

Output: lex

Output: ip vs mac network address

Output: vec

Output: what is the difference between a mac address and an ip address in networking

Output: vec

Output: how do mac addresses and ip addresses work together for network communication

Output: hyde

Output: MAC address is hardware identifier burned into NIC, 48 bits (AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF), used in Layer 2 (local network). IP address is logical, assigned by network, used in Layer 3 (routing). ARP maps IP to MAC on local network. IP gets packets between networks, MAC delivers within a network segment. MAC is permanent, IP changes with network.

Question: mac address vs ip address


Output: lex

Output: unit test integration test difference

Output: lex

Output: testing pyramid unit integration e2e

Output: lex

Output: unit test isolation mocking

Output: vec

Output: what is the difference between unit tests and integration tests

Output: vec

Output: how should you balance unit tests and integration tests in the testing pyramid

Output: hyde

Output: Unit tests verify single functions or classes in isolation using mocks for dependencies. Fast, many of them. Integration tests verify components working together with real dependencies. Slower, fewer of them. Testing pyramid: many unit tests at base, fewer integration tests in middle, few e2e tests at top. Unit tests catch logic bugs, integration tests catch interface mismatches.

Question: unit test vs integration test


Output: lex

Output: base64 overview encoding decoding

Output: lex

Output: base64 encode decode string

Output: lex

Output: base64 binary to text

Output: vec

Output: what is base64 encoding and when should you use it

Output: vec

Output: how do you encode and decode base64 strings in different programming languages

Output: hyde

Output: Base64 encodes binary data as ASCII text using 64 characters (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, /). Increases size by ~33%. Use for embedding binary in JSON/XML, data URLs, email attachments. Not encryption—easily decoded. In shell: echo -n 'text' | base64. Decode: echo 'dGV4dA==' | base64 -d. In JS: btoa('text'), atob('dGV4dA==').

Question: base64 encoding decoding


Output: lex

Output: tail overview recursion optimization

Output: lex

Output: tail call optimization tco

Output: lex

Output: recursive function stack overflow

Output: vec

Output: what is tail recursion and how does tail call optimization prevent stack overflow

Output: vec

Output: how do you convert a recursive function to tail recursive form

Output: hyde

Output: Tail recursion: recursive call is the last operation, no work after it returns. TCO reuses stack frame instead of adding new one—prevents stack overflow. Convert by passing accumulated result as parameter: factorial(n, acc=1) { return n <= 1 ? acc : factorial(n-1, n*acc); }. Not all languages implement TCO—JavaScript in strict mode, Scheme yes, Python no.

Question: tail recursion optimization


Output: lex

Output: nginx overview location block config

Output: lex

Output: nginx location regex prefix

Output: lex

Output: nginx location matching order

Output: vec

Output: how do nginx location blocks work and in what order are they matched

Output: vec

Output: what is the syntax for nginx location directives including prefix and regex matching

Output: hyde

Output: Location matching order: 1) Exact match (= /path), 2) Preferential prefix (^~ /path), 3) Regex in config order (~* case-insensitive, ~ case-sensitive), 4) Longest prefix match. Example: location /api { proxy_pass http://backend; }. Regex: location ~ \.php$ { fastcgi_pass; }. Use = for exact matches to skip regex evaluation.

Question: nginx location block


Output: lex

Output: oop overview encapsulation abstraction

Output: lex

Output: object oriented principles

Output: lex

Output: encapsulation data hiding

Output: vec

Output: what are encapsulation and abstraction in object oriented programming

Output: vec

Output: how do encapsulation and abstraction differ and why are they important for software design

Output: hyde

Output: Encapsulation bundles data and methods, restricting direct access via private fields and public getters/setters. Protects internal state, enables validation. Abstraction hides implementation complexity, exposing only essential interface. Car has accelerate() method—you don't need to know engine internals. Encapsulation is how you hide, abstraction is what you hide.

Question: oop encapsulation abstraction


Output: lex

Output: webhook vs polling api

Output: lex

Output: push vs pull api pattern

Output: lex

Output: webhook callback http

Output: vec

Output: what are the differences between webhooks and api polling for receiving updates

Output: vec

Output: when should you use webhooks instead of polling an api for changes

Output: hyde

Output: Polling: client repeatedly asks server for updates. Simple but wastes bandwidth if nothing changed, may miss events between polls. Webhooks: server pushes updates to client endpoint when events occur. Real-time, efficient, but requires public endpoint and handling failures. Use webhooks when available (Stripe, GitHub), fall back to polling for systems without webhook support.

Question: webhook vs api polling


Output: lex

Output: database overview transaction isolation levels

Output: lex

Output: read committed serializable

Output: lex

Output: sql isolation dirty read phantom

Output: vec

Output: what are the different database transaction isolation levels and their tradeoffs

Output: vec

Output: how do isolation levels prevent anomalies like dirty reads and phantom reads

Output: hyde

Output: Isolation levels from weakest to strongest: Read Uncommitted (dirty reads possible), Read Committed (sees only committed data, default in PostgreSQL), Repeatable Read (no non-repeatable reads), Serializable (no phantom reads, full isolation). Higher isolation = more locking = lower concurrency. Choose based on consistency needs vs performance.

Question: database transaction isolation levels


Output: lex

Output: hash overview table collision resolution

Output: lex

Output: hash map chaining open addressing

Output: lex

Output: hash collision handling

Output: vec

Output: how do hash tables handle collisions when multiple keys hash to the same bucket

Output: vec

Output: what are the differences between chaining and open addressing for collision resolution

Output: hyde

Output: Chaining: each bucket holds a linked list of entries with same hash. Simple, handles high load well. Open addressing: on collision, probe for next empty slot. Linear probing (check next slot), quadratic probing, double hashing. Better cache locality but degrades at high load factors. Most implementations use chaining (Java HashMap) or open addressing with good probing (Python dict).

Question: hash table collision resolution


Output: lex

Output: yaml json config comparison

Output: lex

Output: yaml vs json syntax

Output: lex

Output: configuration file format

Output: vec

Output: what are the differences between yaml and json for configuration files

Output: vec

Output: when should you choose yaml over json for application configuration

Output: hyde

Output: JSON: strict syntax, no comments, explicit quotes, universal parsing. YAML: superset of JSON, allows comments, cleaner for humans, indentation-based. Use JSON for data interchange, APIs, when strict parsing needed. Use YAML for configs (Docker Compose, Kubernetes, CI/CD) where human editing is common. YAML gotchas: Norway problem (NO parsed as false), inconsistent indentation.

Question: yaml vs json config


Output: lex

Output: kubernetes overview ingress controller

Output: lex

Output: k8s ingress nginx traefik

Output: lex

Output: ingress rules path host

Output: vec

Output: what is a kubernetes ingress controller and how does it route external traffic to services

Output: vec

Output: how do you configure ingress rules for path-based and host-based routing in kubernetes

Output: hyde

Output: Ingress controller implements Ingress resources, routing external HTTP/HTTPS to services. Popular controllers: nginx-ingress, Traefik, HAProxy. Ingress resource defines rules: host (foo.com), paths (/api -> api-service, / -> frontend). Annotations configure TLS, rate limiting, auth. Install controller first, then create Ingress resources.

Question: Kubernetes ingress controller


Output: lex

Output: docker overview layer caching build

Output: lex

Output: dockerfile cache optimization

Output: lex

Output: docker build cache layers

Output: vec

Output: how does docker layer caching work and how do you optimize dockerfiles for faster builds

Output: vec

Output: what dockerfile practices maximize cache hits when building docker images

Output: hyde

Output: Docker caches each instruction as a layer. Cache invalidates when instruction or context changes, invalidating all subsequent layers. Optimization: order from least to most frequently changing. Copy package.json and install deps before copying source code. Use .dockerignore. Multi-stage builds discard intermediate layers. COPY --from for selective extraction.

Question: docker layer caching


Output: lex

Output: ssh overview tunnel port forwarding

Output: lex

Output: ssh local remote forward

Output: lex

Output: ssh -L -R tunnel

Output: vec

Output: how to set up ssh tunnels for local and remote port forwarding

Output: vec

Output: what is the difference between ssh local port forwarding and remote port forwarding

Output: hyde

Output: Local forwarding (-L): access remote service through local port. ssh -L 8080:localhost:3000 server—localhost:8080 reaches server's port 3000. Remote forwarding (-R): expose local service through remote port. ssh -R 8080:localhost:3000 server—server:8080 reaches your port 3000. Use for accessing databases behind firewalls, exposing dev servers temporarily.

Question: ssh tunnel port forwarding


Output: lex

Output: rest overview api pagination

Output: lex

Output: api pagination offset cursor

Output: lex

Output: paginated response next page

Output: vec

Output: what are the different approaches to implementing pagination in rest apis

Output: vec

Output: how do offset-based and cursor-based pagination compare for api design

Output: hyde

Output: Offset pagination: ?page=2&limit=20 or ?offset=20&limit=20. Simple but slow for deep pages, inconsistent with real-time inserts. Cursor pagination: ?cursor=abc123&limit=20, cursor encodes position. Consistent, efficient, better for infinite scroll. Return next_cursor in response. Use Link headers or response body for pagination URLs.

Question: rest api pagination


Output: lex

Output: solid principles oop

Output: lex

Output: single responsibility open closed

Output: lex

Output: solid design principles

Output: vec

Output: what are the solid principles in object oriented design

Output: vec

Output: how do the solid principles improve code maintainability and flexibility

Output: hyde

Output: SOLID: Single Responsibility (one reason to change), Open/Closed (open for extension, closed for modification), Liskov Substitution (subtypes substitutable for base types), Interface Segregation (many specific interfaces over one general), Dependency Inversion (depend on abstractions not concretions). Following SOLID produces loosely coupled, testable, maintainable code.

Question: solid principles explained


Output: lex

Output: protobuf json comparison

Output: lex

Output: protocol buffers serialization

Output: lex

Output: grpc protobuf format

Output: vec

Output: what are the differences between protocol buffers and json for data serialization

Output: vec

Output: when should you use protobuf instead of json for api communication

Output: hyde

Output: JSON: human-readable, self-describing, universal support, larger payload. Protobuf: binary format, 3-10x smaller, faster serialization, requires schema (.proto files), strong typing. Use JSON for public APIs, debugging, human interaction. Use Protobuf for internal microservices, high-throughput systems, gRPC. Schema evolution with field numbers enables backward compatibility.

Question: protobuf vs json


Output: lex

Output: linux overview namespaces containers

Output: lex

Output: container isolation namespace cgroup

Output: lex

Output: docker linux namespaces

Output: vec

Output: how do linux namespaces enable container isolation

Output: vec

Output: what kernel features do docker and containers use for process isolation

Output: hyde

Output: Containers use Linux namespaces for isolation: PID (process tree), NET (network stack), MNT (filesystem mounts), UTS (hostname), IPC (inter-process communication), USER (user IDs). Cgroups limit resource usage (CPU, memory). Together they isolate processes without full VM overhead. Containers share host kernel but see isolated views of system resources.

Question: linux namespaces containers


Output: lex

Output: graphql overview subscriptions websocket

Output: lex

Output: graphql realtime subscriptions

Output: lex

Output: graphql subscription server

Output: vec

Output: how do graphql subscriptions work for real-time data updates

Output: vec

Output: what is the underlying protocol for graphql subscriptions and how do you implement them

Output: hyde

Output: GraphQL subscriptions enable real-time updates via persistent connections. Client subscribes: subscription { messageAdded { text } }. Server pushes when events occur. Typically uses WebSocket with graphql-ws protocol. Server maintains subscription registry, publishes events through PubSub. Apollo Server and Relay support subscriptions natively.

Question: GraphQL subscriptions websocket


Output: lex

Output: stateless stateful service

Output: lex

Output: stateless api design

Output: lex

Output: session state storage

Output: vec

Output: what is the difference between stateless and stateful services in application architecture

Output: vec

Output: why are stateless services easier to scale and how do you handle state when needed

Output: hyde

Output: Stateless services don't store client state between requests—any instance can handle any request. Scale by adding instances, no session affinity needed. Stateful services maintain client state, requiring sticky sessions or shared storage. Make services stateless by storing session in JWT tokens, Redis, or databases. Stateless is preferred for horizontal scaling and resilience.

Question: stateless vs stateful services


Output: lex

Output: git bisect bug finding

Output: lex

Output: git bisect good bad

Output: lex

Output: binary search git commit

Output: vec

Output: how to use git bisect to find the commit that introduced a bug

Output: vec

Output: what is the git bisect workflow for binary search debugging through commit history

Output: hyde

Output: git bisect does binary search through commits to find where bug was introduced. Start: git bisect start, git bisect bad (current has bug), git bisect good v1.0 (known good commit). Git checks out middle commit—test and mark git bisect good or git bisect bad. Repeat until found. Automate with git bisect run ./test.sh. End with git bisect reset.

Question: git bisect debugging


Output: lex

Output: dns overview propagation time

Output: lex

Output: dns ttl propagation delay

Output: lex

Output: dns changes not working

Output: vec

Output: why do dns changes take time to propagate and how can you speed it up

Output: vec

Output: what is dns propagation and how does ttl affect how quickly changes are visible

Output: hyde

Output: DNS propagation is time for changes to spread through cached resolvers worldwide. TTL (Time To Live) controls cache duration. High TTL (86400s) means up to 24h wait. Before changes, lower TTL to 300s, wait for old TTL, make change, then restore TTL. Use dig @8.8.8.8 domain.com to check Google's view. Full propagation can take 24-48h for high-TTL records.

Question: dns propagation time


Output: lex

Output: roman empire fall causes

Output: lex

Output: decline of rome 476 AD

Output: lex

Output: western roman empire collapse

Output: vec

Output: what were the main causes of the fall of the western roman empire

Output: vec

Output: how did economic, military, and political factors contribute to rome's collapse

Output: hyde

Output: The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus. Contributing factors included economic troubles, military overextension, political instability with rapid emperor turnover, pressure from Germanic tribes, and the division of the empire. The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) survived until 1453.

Question: fall of the Roman Empire


Output: lex

Output: world war 1 causes

Output: lex

Output: ww1 assassination archduke franz ferdinand

Output: lex

Output: causes great war 1914

Output: vec

Output: what were the main causes and triggers of world war one

Output: vec

Output: how did the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand lead to a global war

Output: hyde

Output: WWI was caused by MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo triggered a chain reaction through alliance systems. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, pulling in Russia, Germany, France, and Britain within weeks.

Question: causes of World War I


Output: lex

Output: egyptian pyramids how built

Output: lex

Output: pyramid construction ancient egypt

Output: lex

Output: great pyramid giza building

Output: vec

Output: how were the ancient egyptian pyramids constructed without modern technology

Output: vec

Output: what techniques and labor did ancient egyptians use to build the pyramids at giza

Output: hyde

Output: The pyramids were built using ramps, levers, and organized labor forces of tens of thousands of workers. Limestone blocks weighing 2.5 tons average were quarried nearby and transported on sledges. Workers were not slaves but paid laborers housed in nearby villages. The Great Pyramid took approximately 20 years to complete around 2560 BC.

Question: ancient Egypt pyramids construction


Output: lex

Output: french overview revolution timeline events

Output: lex

Output: french revolution 1789 bastille

Output: lex

Output: reign of terror robespierre

Output: vec

Output: what were the major events of the french revolution in chronological order

Output: vec

Output: how did the french revolution progress from the storming of the bastille to napoleon

Output: hyde

Output: 1789: Estates-General convenes, Bastille stormed July 14. 1791: Constitutional monarchy established. 1792: Republic declared, king executed. 1793-94: Reign of Terror under Robespierre, 17,000 guillotined. 1794: Thermidorian Reaction ends Terror. 1799: Napoleon's coup establishes Consulate.

Question: French Revolution timeline


Output: lex

Output: ottoman overview empire history

Output: lex

Output: ottoman sultanate 1299 1922

Output: lex

Output: turkish ottoman empire rise fall

Output: vec

Output: what was the history of the ottoman empire from its founding to its dissolution

Output: vec

Output: how did the ottoman empire rise to become a major world power and eventually decline

Output: hyde

Output: Founded by Osman I around 1299, the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire. At its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566), it controlled Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. Gradual decline through the 18th-19th centuries culminated in dissolution after WWI in 1922.

Question: Ottoman Empire history


Output: lex

Output: american overview civil war battles

Output: lex

Output: civil war gettysburg antietam

Output: lex

Output: union confederate battles 1861

Output: vec

Output: what were the major battles of the american civil war

Output: vec

Output: which battles were turning points in the civil war between union and confederate forces

Output: hyde

Output: Major battles: Fort Sumter (1861, war begins), Bull Run (Confederate victory), Antietam (1862, bloodiest single day, led to Emancipation Proclamation), Gettysburg (1863, Union turning point), Vicksburg (Union controls Mississippi), Sherman's March (1864), Appomattox (1865, Lee surrenders). Total casualties exceeded 600,000.

Question: American Civil War battles


Output: lex

Output: ming overview dynasty china history

Output: lex

Output: ming dynasty 1368 1644

Output: lex

Output: chinese ming emperors

Output: vec

Output: what were the major achievements and characteristics of the ming dynasty in china

Output: vec

Output: how did the ming dynasty rise to power and what led to its eventual fall

Output: hyde

Output: The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang after overthrowing Mongol Yuan rule. Notable achievements: construction of the Forbidden City, voyages of Zheng He, restoration of the Great Wall, and flourishing arts and porcelain. Fell to the Manchu Qing after peasant rebellions weakened central authority.

Question: Ming Dynasty China


Output: lex

Output: viking overview age exploration

Output: lex

Output: vikings norse exploration america

Output: lex

Output: viking raids settlements

Output: vec

Output: where did the vikings explore and settle during the viking age

Output: vec

Output: what routes did norse explorers take and what lands did they discover

Output: hyde

Output: The Viking Age (793-1066 AD) saw Norse expansion across Europe and beyond. Vikings raided British Isles and France, settled Iceland (874), Greenland (985), and reached North America (Vinland, c.1000) under Leif Erikson. They also traveled east through Russia to Constantinople and served as Varangian Guard.

Question: Viking Age exploration


Output: lex

Output: industrial overview revolution inventions

Output: lex

Output: industrial revolution steam engine

Output: lex

Output: 18th century industrial innovations

Output: vec

Output: what were the key inventions that drove the industrial revolution

Output: vec

Output: how did the steam engine and textile machinery transform manufacturing in the 18th century

Output: hyde

Output: Key inventions: Spinning Jenny (1764), Water Frame (1769), Steam Engine improved by James Watt (1769), Power Loom (1785), Cotton Gin (1793), Steam Locomotive (1804). These enabled factory production, mass manufacturing, and transformed society from agricultural to industrial. Britain led the revolution starting around 1760.

Question: Industrial Revolution inventions


Output: lex

Output: byzantine overview empire constantinople

Output: lex

Output: eastern roman empire byzantium

Output: lex

Output: fall of constantinople 1453

Output: vec

Output: what was the byzantine empire and how long did it last after rome fell

Output: vec

Output: how did constantinople serve as the capital of the byzantine empire until 1453

Output: hyde

Output: The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire, lasting from 330 AD (Constantinople founded) to 1453. At its peak under Justinian I, it reconquered much of the western Mediterranean. Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city for centuries until falling to Ottoman Turks under Mehmed II on May 29, 1453.

Question: Byzantine Empire Constantinople


Output: lex

Output: aztec overview empire civilization

Output: lex

Output: aztec tenochtitlan mexico

Output: lex

Output: aztec history mesoamerica

Output: vec

Output: what was the aztec empire and how did their civilization develop in mesoamerica

Output: vec

Output: how did the aztecs build tenochtitlan and what led to the fall of their empire

Output: hyde

Output: The Aztec Empire (1428-1521) dominated central Mexico from their capital Tenochtitlan, built on an island in Lake Texcoco (modern Mexico City). Population reached 200,000+. Known for pyramids, human sacrifice, chinampas (floating gardens), and tribute system. Conquered by Hernán Cortés in 1521 with help from rival indigenous groups and smallpox.

Question: Aztec Empire civilization


Output: lex

Output: renaissance overview italy florence

Output: lex

Output: italian renaissance medici

Output: lex

Output: florence renaissance art

Output: vec

Output: why did the renaissance begin in italy particularly in florence

Output: vec

Output: how did the medici family and florence become the center of the italian renaissance

Output: hyde

Output: The Renaissance began in Florence around 1400 due to wealth from banking and trade, political stability, and classical heritage. The Medici family, especially Lorenzo the Magnificent, patronized artists like Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Botticelli. Florence's guilds, humanism from rediscovered Greek texts, and competition among city-states drove cultural innovation.

Question: Renaissance Italy Florence


Output: lex

Output: cold overview war berlin wall

Output: lex

Output: berlin wall 1961 1989

Output: lex

Output: east west germany division

Output: vec

Output: what was the significance of the berlin wall during the cold war

Output: vec

Output: why was the berlin wall built and what led to its fall in 1989

Output: hyde

Output: The Berlin Wall was built overnight on August 13, 1961 by East Germany to stop emigration to the West—3.5 million had fled since 1945. It divided Berlin for 28 years, symbolizing the Iron Curtain. Fell November 9, 1989 after Hungary opened its border and East German protests grew. Germany reunified October 3, 1990.

Question: Cold War Berlin Wall


Output: lex

Output: mongol overview empire genghis khan

Output: lex

Output: mongol conquests 13th century

Output: lex

Output: genghis khan mongol history

Output: vec

Output: how did genghis khan build the mongol empire into the largest contiguous land empire

Output: vec

Output: what territories did the mongol empire conquer and how did they administer such vast lands

Output: hyde

Output: Genghis Khan united Mongol tribes by 1206 and conquered from Korea to Poland by his death in 1227. The empire peaked under his grandsons, spanning 24 million km²—largest contiguous empire ever. Success came from cavalry tactics, meritocracy, religious tolerance, and the Yam relay system. Divided into khanates after 1260.

Question: Mongol Empire Genghis Khan


Output: lex

Output: ancient overview greece democracy athens

Output: lex

Output: athenian democracy 5th century bc

Output: lex

Output: greek democracy origins

Output: vec

Output: how did democracy develop in ancient athens and how did it function

Output: vec

Output: what were the key institutions and practices of athenian democracy

Output: hyde

Output: Athenian democracy emerged under Cleisthenes (508 BC) and peaked under Pericles (461-429 BC). Citizens (adult male non-slaves) voted directly in the Assembly (Ekklesia) on laws and policy. The Council of 500, chosen by lot, set the agenda. Jury courts had hundreds of jurors. About 30,000 of 300,000 residents were citizens.

Question: ancient Greece democracy Athens


Output: lex

Output: protestant reformation luther

Output: lex

Output: martin luther 95 theses

Output: lex

Output: reformation 1517 catholic church

Output: vec

Output: what started the protestant reformation and what were its main ideas

Output: vec

Output: how did martin luther's 95 theses challenge the catholic church and spread across europe

Output: hyde

Output: Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on October 31, 1517 in Wittenberg, criticizing indulgences and papal authority. Key ideas: salvation by faith alone, scripture as sole authority, priesthood of all believers. The printing press spread his ideas rapidly. Luther was excommunicated in 1521. The Reformation split Western Christianity and sparked religious wars across Europe.

Question: Protestant Reformation Martin Luther


Output: lex

Output: silk road trade route

Output: lex

Output: silk road ancient trade china

Output: lex

Output: silk road history commerce

Output: vec

Output: what was the silk road and how did it connect east and west

Output: vec

Output: what goods and ideas were exchanged along the ancient silk road trade routes

Output: hyde

Output: The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting China to the Mediterranean from around 130 BC to 1450s AD. Goods traded: silk, spices, porcelain from East; gold, glass, horses from West. Also spread Buddhism, Islam, technologies like paper and gunpowder, and unfortunately, the Black Death. Named by German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877.

Question: Silk Road trade routes


Output: lex

Output: napoleonic overview wars europe

Output: lex

Output: napoleon bonaparte campaigns

Output: lex

Output: napoleonic era 1803 1815

Output: vec

Output: what were the major campaigns and outcomes of the napoleonic wars

Output: vec

Output: how did napoleon's military conquests reshape europe and lead to his downfall

Output: hyde

Output: The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) saw France under Napoleon dominate continental Europe through brilliant campaigns at Austerlitz, Jena, and Wagram. His empire stretched from Spain to Poland. The failed 1812 Russian invasion (600,000 troops, 100,000 returned) began his decline. Exiled to Elba 1814, returned for Hundred Days, finally defeated at Waterloo June 18, 1815.

Question: Napoleonic Wars Europe


Output: lex

Output: ancient overview mesopotamia civilizations

Output: lex

Output: mesopotamia sumer babylon

Output: lex

Output: cradle of civilization tigris euphrates

Output: vec

Output: what civilizations arose in ancient mesopotamia and what were their achievements

Output: vec

Output: why is mesopotamia called the cradle of civilization and what did sumerians invent

Output: hyde

Output: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) between Tigris and Euphrates rivers hosted the world's first civilizations. Sumerians (4500-1900 BC) invented writing (cuneiform), the wheel, sailboat, and plow. Akkadian Empire under Sargon was first empire. Babylon produced Hammurabi's Code. Assyrians and Persians followed. Agriculture surplus enabled cities, specialization, and complex society.

Question: ancient Mesopotamia civilizations


Output: lex

Output: meiji overview restoration japan

Output: lex

Output: meiji era modernization 1868

Output: lex

Output: japan meiji emperor reform

Output: vec

Output: what was the meiji restoration and how did it transform japan

Output: vec

Output: how did japan modernize so rapidly during the meiji period from 1868 to 1912

Output: hyde

Output: The Meiji Restoration (1868) ended 250 years of Tokugawa shogunate rule, restoring imperial power under Emperor Meiji. Japan rapidly industrialized and westernized: abolished feudalism, created national army, built railways, established constitution (1889). Slogan: 'Rich country, strong army.' Japan defeated China (1895) and Russia (1905), becoming a world power within 50 years.

Question: Meiji Restoration Japan


Output: lex

Output: black overview death plague europe

Output: lex

Output: bubonic plague 1347 medieval

Output: lex

Output: black death medieval europe

Output: vec

Output: what was the black death and how did it impact medieval europe

Output: vec

Output: how did the bubonic plague spread across europe and what were its consequences

Output: hyde

Output: The Black Death (1347-1351) killed 75-200 million people, 30-60% of Europe's population. Caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria spread by fleas on rats, it arrived via Genoese ships from Crimea. Symptoms: buboes, fever, death within days. Consequences: labor shortages raised wages, weakened feudalism, sparked religious movements and persecution of Jews.

Question: Black Death plague Europe


Output: lex

Output: spanish overview conquest americas

Output: lex

Output: conquistadors cortez pizarro

Output: lex

Output: spanish colonization new world

Output: vec

Output: how did spanish conquistadors conquer the aztec and inca empires

Output: vec

Output: what factors enabled spain to colonize the americas so rapidly in the 16th century

Output: hyde

Output: Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire (1519-1521) with 500 soldiers, allying with Tlaxcalans and exploiting Montezuma's hesitation. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire (1532-1533) capturing Atahualpa during civil war. Spanish advantages: steel weapons, horses, gunpowder, and crucially, Old World diseases like smallpox that killed 90% of indigenous populations.

Question: Spanish Conquest Americas


Output: lex

Output: world war 2 d-day normandy

Output: lex

Output: d-day june 6 1944 invasion

Output: lex

Output: operation overlord ww2

Output: vec

Output: what happened on d-day and why was the normandy invasion a turning point in world war two

Output: vec

Output: how was the d-day invasion of normandy planned and executed by allied forces

Output: hyde

Output: D-Day, June 6, 1944, was the largest amphibious invasion in history. Operation Overlord landed 156,000 Allied troops on five Normandy beaches (Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, Sword). Despite 10,000+ casualties, it established a Western Front, leading to Paris liberation (August 1944) and Germany's surrender (May 1945). Supreme Commander: Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Question: World War II D-Day


Output: lex

Output: han overview dynasty china achievements

Output: lex

Output: han dynasty 206 bc history

Output: lex

Output: ancient china han empire

Output: vec

Output: what were the major achievements and contributions of the han dynasty in china

Output: vec

Output: why is the han dynasty considered a golden age in chinese history

Output: hyde

Output: The Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) is considered China's golden age. Achievements: Silk Road trade established, paper invented (105 AD), civil service exams introduced, Confucianism became state ideology. Population reached 60 million. So influential that ethnic Chinese still call themselves 'Han people.' Collapsed due to court intrigue, eunuch power, and Yellow Turban Rebellion.

Question: Han Dynasty China achievements